Which of the following would NOT be considered a modification or improvement to real estate?

Pavement is typically considered part of the land itself and not an improvement or modification to the real estate in terms of buildings or enhancements that add value. Improvements to real estate generally refer to changes that enhance the utility or value of a property, such as adding a new structure (new construction), enhancing outdoor aesthetics and function (landscaping), or upgrading essential services (utility upgrades).

New construction significantly modifies the site, potentially adding square footage and utility. Landscaping can enhance both the visual appeal and ecological function of a property. Utility upgrades improve the infrastructure, making the property more valuable or usable. However, pavement, while functional, does not fall under the same category of enhancements that are typically classified as improvements. It is often regarded as an inherent attribute of the property rather than a modification that adds intrinsic value.